Persistent weak layers include now buried surface hoar and facets/crusts that are located down at approximately 40cm and 70cm. These PWL‘s were buried during the 2/21 and 2/28 storms (see pit photo below).

• The location of these weak layers are difficult to map and highly elevation and aspect dependent.
• Glacier effect and valley effect are two contributing factors to where surface hoar has developed, along with freezing levels that have helped hard crusts and facets combinations to form.
• Remember sheltered terrain could equal protected areas where surface hoar survived and is now buried.
• Solar aspects are warming in the spring sun and have especially poor structure.
• Consider underlying terrain such as alder, trees, rocks, and cliffs suspect trigger points.
• Sunlight weakens surrounding snow and those are areas you more likely could trigger an avalanche from.

According to the graph below, we currently are in the highest uncertainty about triggering an avalanche and find ourselves making hard decisions to stay safe. Keep your safety margins wide at this time. While you may be able to “thread the needle” and find slopes with good stability, this continues to be a difficult task and the stakes are quite high.

• Slope angle is as important as ever when traveling through avalanche terrain, as well as slope failure consequences like terrain traps or group spacing.
• Only expose one person to a slope at a time and carefully identify run-out zones, starting zones, defined paths and non-defined paths.
• Beware of the familiarity heuristics “this slope never slides” as the snowpack is not giving us positive feedback for getting lucky.
• Look for a deep consistent snowpack without strong over weak layering and expect avalanches to break bigger and run longer than expected.

Image and wisdom is from IFMGA Guide Joe Stock’s Website https://www.stockalpine.com/posts/.

A deep slab persistent weak layer exists in two areas:

1.  In widespread terrain near and below 3000′ down ~150cm where facet buried on 1/18 are located.
2.  In specific very steep, exposed, high alpine terrain down ~300-400cm where November depth hoar is buried.

Heavy triggers like cornice falls and snowmachine drops are more likely to trigger the deep weak layer. Any slabs that break 1m+ deep are likely to be deadly. South aspects are known to have poor structure and are getting baked by strong solar radiation when the sun comes out, which weakens the snowpack. Upper persistent slab avalanches could step down, release sympathetically, or remotely trigger deeper layers (see Persistent Slab above).

We are in the most deadly time of year in Haines. Early March has historically brought tragic accidents with large avalanches that break much wider than expected.